IR communication between PICs

Overview

Two PICs can easily communicate with one another using serial communication. IR communication is a basic extension of this method which can be easily implemented with a microcontroller (PIC) through an IR Encoder/Decoder (endec) and an IR Transceiver. The endec and transceiver used in this example support Serial IR (SIR) data rate, ranging from 9.6 kbps to 115.2 kbps. The typical range of the transceiver is nominally from 2 inches to 2 feet and extends upwards of 12 feet. The PIC, endec, and transceiver employed all support bidirectional use. However, when a transceiver is transmitting it essentially blinds its receiver and therefore cannot attain true full-duplex communication; only half-duplex was used with the transceiver taking turns transmitting and receiving.

IR Transceiver

When transmitting, the PIC sends the serial format data to the endec, which encodes (or modulates) it bit by bit. This encoded data is then outputted as electrical pulses to the transceiver. The transceiver converts these electrical pulses to IR light pulses. When receiving, the transceiver receives IR light pulses (data), which are outputted as electrical pulses. The endec decodes (or demodulates) these electrical pulses, with the data then being transmitted by the endec UART back to the receiving PIC. This modulation/demodulation method is performed in accordance with the IrDA standard.

Both the PIC and the endec used in this example were DIP packages, making them easy to prototype and inspect. The transceiver, however, was a surface mount chip with an uncommon pin configuration (0.95 mm pitch), requiring a different mounting approach. The simplest solution was to glue the transceiver onto one side of a 16 pin socket, and then soldering small wires from the 8 pins of the transceiver onto the pins of the socket (see image). In the previous years, other mounting methods were tried, including the use of a copper-clad board or a SchmartBoard. However, these approaches saw limited success.

Circuit

Circuit Diagram

Actual Circuit (Receiver)

The circuit diagram shows a complete half-duplex IR communication circuit. This circuit can either be used together with an identical circuit to communicate, with only one PIC transmitting at a time, or with a remote control. The software on the PIC can be configured to respond to a variety of commands sent by the remote. The electrical characteristics of the power supply and discrete components are given below. Some of the ranges for the IR circuitry are also given below in parentheses. In the circuit, there are two interfaces: the serial interface and the IR interface.

Serial Interface

The serial interface is located between the PIC and the endec and sends data sequentially one bit at a time. The transmit (TX) and receive (RX) pins on the endec need to be connected between both ICs with a common ground. The data passing between the two components on these lines have the standard 8-N-1 serial data format. 8-N-1 is a serial configuration in which there are 8 data bits, no parity bits and 1 stop bit. Data bits contain the information to be transmitted. A parity bit is a binary digit used to ensure data accuracy, while a stop bit is used to indicate the end of a data string.

There is also a 16XCLK signal going to the endec from the PIC used to control the baud rate of the endec; that signal is a square wave pulse train at a frequency of 16*(the baud rate) and is generated in software. The RESET signal on the endec could be controlled with software but is simply held high since the endec need not be reset.

Source PIC Transmitting to the Receiver PIC

IR Interface

The second interface — the IR interface — is located between the endec and the transceiver. This interface is straightforward with the TXIR and RXIR pins of the endec connecting to the TXD and RXD pins of the transceiver, respectively, and also has a common ground. The signals between these two components conform to the IrDA physical layer standard. When a logic high or '1' is to be transmitted, a logic low will be sent to the transceiver. When a logic low or '0' is to be transmitted, a logic high will be pulsed after 7-8 cycles of the 16XCLK signal for 3 cycles of the 16XCLK signal but no longer than 4 µs.

Optical Interface

The optical interface refers to the actual IR energy being transmitted between two transceivers or a source and a receiver. The optical signal is a modulated form of the signal between the Endec and the Transceiver at the Transceiver's carrier frequency, 38 kHz. That means that when the Endec would transmit a pulse for 3 cycles at the 16XCLK frequency, the transceiver would start pulsing IR energy at 38 kHz until the pulse went low. When the transceiver receive IR pulsed at 38 kHz, the duration of the IR pulses is the duration of the pulse sent to the Endec.

Electrical Characteristics

Microcontroller (Microchip PIC18F4520)

• V_DD = 5.0V
• C₁ = 1µF
  • V_DD - Pin 11 & 32
  • GND - Pin 12 & 31
  • TX - Pin 25 (C6)
  • RX - Pin 26 (C7)
  • 16XCLK - Pin 17 (C2/CCP1)

IR Encoder/Decoder (Microchip MCP2122-E/P)

• V_DD = 5.0V (1.8V-5.5V)
• C_BYP = 0.01µF

IR Transceiver (Vishay TFDU4300)

• V_cc1 = 5.0V (2.4V-5.5V)
• V_cc2 = 5.0V (-0.3V-6.0V)
• V_logic = 5.0V (1.5V-5.5V)
• R₂ = 47Ω
• C₂ = 0.1µF

Limitations

• IR Communication is only Half-Duplex (only one transceiver transmitting at a time)
• Transmission Distance maximum is about 12 feet (about 3ft in low power mode)
• Transmission is easily blocked or reflected by obstacles
• Communication Speed can only go up to 115.2 kpbs

Code

Example code for a simple IR communication receiver circuit:

/*
  ircomm.c Jennifer Breger, Brian Lesperance, Dan Pinkawa 2008-02-05
  Using the PIC's built-in UART, a counter continually is sent to one IR encoder/decoder.  Then
  the first IR encoder/decoder feeds its TXIR to the RXIR of a second IR encoder/decoder.  The 
  second IR encoder/decoder then transmits back to the PIC what it is receiving.  When the
  transceiver circuit is properly mounted and inserted into the circuit, this code can be adapted
  for half-duplex communication w/ another IR communications circuit.
*/
/*
   Edits by Jad Carson, Victor Liu, Matt Watras 2009-02-04
*/

#include <18f4520.h>
#fuses HS,NOLVP,NOWDT,NOPROTECT
#use delay (clock=40000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_C6, rcv=PIN_C7, stream=com_a) // Initializes the UART to 9600 bps 
                                                             // (up to 115,200 bps)

// timed_getc() checks whether data is ready to be read.  If it's not the function returns a null
// character.  If you simply use getc(), the PIC might get slowed up if the data isn't ready right
// away.
int timed_getc(void){
   long timeout;
   int timeout_error = FALSE;
   timeout = 0;
   while(!kbhit() && (++timeout<50000))
      delay_us(10);
   if (kbhit())
      return(getc());
   else {
      timeout_error = TRUE;
      return(0);
   }
}

// Main program, receiver end
void main(void){
   int rx;

   setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_1, 64, 8); // Provides a 151.3 kHz clock for the Encoder/Decoder, in   
   setup_ccp1(CCP_PWM);                // order for it to know the baud rate of the UART. Should be 
   set_pwm1_duty(32);                  // closer to 16 * 9600 = 153.6 kHz but the error is tolerable

   while(TRUE){
      rx = timed_getc();   // message from the PIC, and displays the value on the LEDs/Port D.
      output_d(rx);
   }
}

Sample code for the transmitter sending a simple counting signal:

#include <18f4520.h>
#fuses HS,NOLVP,NOWDT,NOPROTECT
#use delay (clock=40000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_C6, rcv=PIN_C7, stream=com_a) // Initializes the UART to 9600 bps 
                                                             // (up to 115,200 bps)

// timed_getc() checks whether data is ready to be read.  If it's not the function returns a null
// character.  If you simply use getc(), the PIC might get slowed up if the data isn't ready right
// away.
int timed_getc(void){
   long timeout;
   int timeout_error = FALSE;
   timeout = 0;
   while(!kbhit() && (++timeout<50000))
      delay_us(10);
   if (kbhit())
      return(getc());
   else {
      timeout_error = TRUE;
      return(0);
   }
}

// Main program, transmit end
void main(void){
   int i;

   setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_1, 64, 8); // Provides a 151.3 kHz clock for the Encoder/Decoder, in   
   setup_ccp1(CCP_PWM);                // order for it to know the baud rate of the UART. Should be 
   set_pwm1_duty(32);                  // closer to 16 * 9600 = 153.6 kHz but the error is tolerable

   while(TRUE){
      for(i=0;i<16;i++) {
         putc(i);
      }
   }
}

External Links and Further Reading

• IR Transceiver (Vishay TFDU4300) Data Sheet
• IR Encoder/Decoder (Microchip MCP2122) Data Sheet
• Microchip PIC18F4520 Data Sheet
• Copper-clad Board
• Schmartboard (Prototyping boards for SMT)

Relevant Technical Articles

• Infrared communication
• Serial communication
• Surface mount technology
• UART