View source for Music from the Heart -- Music Suit

=Introduction=

This project attempted to create a natural form of musical expression by connecting sensors to the body. Six tilt switches were attached to the wrist, ankles, and shoulders, each controlling a single pitch from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scale pentatonic scale]. The heart beat was obtained using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoplethysmograph photoplethysmography] on the user's finger, and this signal was used to strike a drum in sync with the user's heart beat.

For a video demonstration, click [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyipByy7m6I here].

  {{multiple image
   | width1    = 150
   | width2    = 269
   | align     = center
   | header    = Music from the Heart Project
   | image1    = Music from the heart overview.jpg
   | caption1  = The full "music suit" on James, with heart rate sensor on his finger. 
   | image2    = Drum overview mfth.jpg
   | caption2  = A closer view of the drum mechanism
  }}

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==Team Members==

[[Image:Mfth team picture.JPG|thumb|200px|From left: Thomas, Eric, James]]


*Thomas Peterson (Computer Engineering, 2010)
*James Rein (Biomedical Engineering and Music Cognition, 2010)
*Eric West (Mechanical Engineering, 2011)




=Subsystems=

Although intended as a single, cohesive system that would allow the user to intuitively make music, the project was easily divided into three subsystems: heart rate monitor, drum actuation, and music tones.  Below is more explanation about each subsystem. 

==Heart rate monitor - Concepts==


In brainstorming how to translate a heart beat into a drum beat, we decided that the least intrusive method would be the best.  Attaching electrodes to the user for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography ECG] would simplify the process of identifying a heart beat, but attaching these sensors directly to the skin would be a time-consuming and personally-invasive process.  Instead, we decided a finger-tip sensor would be much more comfortable and easy to use.  

To make a finger tip sensor, we used the concepts of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoplethysmograph photoplethysmography].  Photoplethysmography is typically used in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximeter pulse oximeters] and finger-tip sensors in commercially-available devices.  We originally tried to hack a heart rate monitor that we had purchased, but this proved difficult, so we decided to make our own.  

The basic concept of photoplethysmography is that blood reflects a certain amount of IR light, and the blood density in the finger changes as the heart pumps, so the IR reflectivity of the finger changes as the heart beats.  Using an IR emitter-detector pair found in the mechatronics lab  followed by amplification and filtering, we were able to obtain a decent signal with peaks when the user's heart beat.


===Heart rate monitor - Electrical Design===

The signal coming directly out of the IR detector was very weak and noisy.  To obtain just the information we desired, we ran it through the following filters and amplifiers: 

# [[Passive Filters#High-Pass Filter (HPF)|Passive High-Pass Filter]]
# [[Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)#Inverting Amplifier|Inverting Amplifier]]: gain = -470
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter#Active_electronic_realization Active Low-pass filter]: cutoff frequency = 4.82Hz, gain = -70
# [http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html Band-pass filter]: Frequency range = 0.72 to 3.39Hz, gain = -46.8
# [[Comparators|Comparator]]: output to the PIC pin A14, with pull-up resistor to 3.3V and capacitors to smooth out the signal.

The complete signal processing circuit is shown below.  Note the potentiometers, which can be adjusted for some users if the output signal is not clear.



[[Image:Heartrate monitor.PNG|thumb|center|900px|Heart rate monitor circuit diagram. Click for larger image.]]



===Heart rate monitor - Mechanical Design===

[[Image:Heart rate sensor mfth.JPG|thumb|200px|Heart rate sensor with the latex band pulled away so that the emitter-detector is revealed]]
The sensor itself was a QRB1114 emitter-detector pair that was encased in open-cell foam insulation that served as the finger-holder.  We inserted it into the foam by drilling and filing a hole in the foam to the appropriate size, and gluing the sensor in place.  A round, finger-shaped groove was filed into the foam and the sensor sat flush with the bottom of this groove.  The user's finger was held in the correct position with relatively constant pressure using a latex band around the finger and the foam enclosure.

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==Drum actuator - Electrical design==

Once the signal from the heart rate sensor is sent to the PIC, the rising edge triggers an interrupt which starts the driving sequence for the motor that strikes the drum.  The drive sequence was: drive down (into drum) 100ms, drive up 75ms, wait 150ms. The interrupt does not do the entire driving sequence, it merely flags a variable to start the sequence, which is done in the main loop, as seen in the code below.

An additional interrupt was triggered by the falling edge of the signal; this falling edge interrupt added additional wait time that prevented the PIC from being "fooled" by a noisy falling edge.  For instance, if the falling signal had some noise in it, the rising edge interrupt would be triggered again, thus causing the drum to strike on both the rising and falling edges of the heartbeat.  We only wanted one strike per heartbeat, so the falling edge interrupt was triggered by the ''first'' falling edge, and any noise in the falling edge was ignored because the PIC was told to wait for 300ms.  With a maximum delay of 150 + 300 = 450ms from the two interrupts, and 100 + 75 = 175ms of drive time, the fastest heartbeat our drum could play was 96 beats per minute, but we did not expect anyone to come play the instrument after running, so this was plenty high for our purposes.  

Initially, we tried skipping the comparator and sending the analog signal directly into one of the PICs analog inputs. Our intention was to use the fast Fourier transform (FFT) library to try to extract the dominant frequency (see [[PIC32MX: FFT of Analog Input]] for more information). Unfortunately, we ran into various problems. First, to get the accuracy we wanted for small frequencies, the sample window had to be very long (10 seconds or more), which made the output lag changes in heart rate. Additionally, the FFT was often "messy", which messed up our original algorithm of detecting the peak frequency between .5 and 2.5 hz. The system would sometimes randomly switch between very different frequencies, and although it was right most of the time, it was enough to make the drum beating noticeably erratic. We also tried algorithms to find the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency fundamental frequency] using the entire FFT (instead of just the .5-2.5 hz range), but this was still unreliable. We considered FFT peak-detection algorithms, but they seemed too complex for the time and computing power we had available. Because of all this, we went with the simple comparator in the end.

The motor for driving the drumstick was driven by an [[media:L298N.pdf|L298 H-bridge]].  See [[Driving a high current DC Motor using an H-bridge]] for more information on how this works.  Our particular circuit diagram is shown below: 

[[Image:T21_motorckt_png.PNG|thumb|center|600px|Motor Circuit (non-motor PIC connections not shown). Click for larger image.]]

====Drum actuator - Mechanical Design====


[[Image:Drum stick mount mfth.jpg|thumb|200px|Attachment for the drumstick to the motor shaft. Split-clamp to the motor shaft on the left, drum stick on the right|right]]
We wanted to use a real drum for our drum beat, so our challenge was to attach a motor and drumstick to a drum.  We chose a drumset small rack tom for its resonant tone that is reminiscent of a heart beat.  

To attach the drumstick to the motor shaft, we used a small block of acrylic (.5"x.75"x2").  The drumstick was cut down to 8" in length so that it would require less torque from the motor.  In one end of the block, a hole was drilled and the drumstick was sanded to the correct diameter in order to snugly fit into the hole.  To ensure that the drumstick could not slide out of the block, a screw was placed in a hole drilled through both the stick and the block.  The other end of the block was attached to the motor shaft using a split-clamp method: a hole the size of the motor shaft was drilled through the block, and then a slit was cut from the end of the block to the hole, allowing a screw to tightly clamp the block around the motor.  



[[Image:Motor mount mfth.jpg|thumb|200px|Mounting bracket for the motor-stick assembly.|right]]
To attach the motor-stick assembly to the drum, we utilized the tuning screws on the drum and holes in the face of the motor.  A sheet metal bracket with holes in the appropriate places attached the motor to two of the tuning screws.  The bracket was made by cutting and bending a piece of 16 gauge steel sheet metal to the appropriate size, with a contour fitting the curvature of the drum, and an L-shaped portion to attach the motor above the drum head.  Ideally, this part would have been made out of one continuous piece of sheet metal, but we could not find a large enough sheet available in the shop, so we used rivets to connect two smaller pieces together.  

After testing the drum striking directly on the head of the drum, we decided it was too loud.  To dampen the sound, we taped a piece of foam core and a shop rag to the head of the drum where the stick strikes it.

'''Parts list for drum actuator'''
*Bargain drumstick, at least .5" in diameter
*Small block of acrylic, .5"x.75"x2" (aluminum would work just as well, this is what was available) 
*16 gauge steel sheet metal for bracket
*2 pop rivets
*Screws and nuts
*Foam core, shop rag, tape for dampening

==Music Tones - Electrical Design==
The music tones were activated by tilt switches and generated using a [http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/82065/YAMAHA/YMZ284.html YMZ284] chip and were output through a 1/8" jack to a standard set of computer speakers.

Each YMZ284 is capable of producing and mixing any combination of three tones.  Since we wanted to have six notes from a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scale pentatonic scale], we needed two of these chips and used an [[Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)#Summer|summing opamp circuit]] to combine outputs from each chip.  We envisioned a possibility of adding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone overtones] to each note, to make them sound better and more like a  real instrument, so we ended up having four YMZ284s attached to our board.  When we tried adding an overtone an octave above the fundamental frequency, it ended up sounding harsh and whiny.  We decided the tones sounded better with no overtones, so we are only using 2 of the 4 chips on our board. 

The YMZ284 communicates with the PIC over an 8-bit databus, plus additional pins for chip select, address, write enable, and reset.  All four of our YMZ284s shared all of their pins ''except'' the chip select line; each required their own individual chip select line so that the PIC could specify with which chips it wanted to talk.  The circuit diagram below shows how the chips were connected to the PIC and the summing circuit that followed.  


  {{multiple image
   | align     = center
   | width     = 500
   | image1    = T21_musicckt_png.PNG
   | caption1  = Music circuit diagram. The summing amplifier is not shown.
   | image2    = Solder board mfth.jpg
   | alt2      = Red cartouche
   | caption2  = Music chips are in the center of the board. H-bridge for motor driving is on the far right, along with the power supply plug. The left side is an unsuccessful attempt at moving the heart rate circuitry to the solder board
  }}




===Tilt switches - Electrical Design===
In order to detect when the limbs of the user had moved past a certain critical angle, we chose to use tilt switches.  We purchased our tilt switches for $2 each from [http://www.goldmine-elec-products.com/prodinfo.asp?number=G16881 Electronics Goldmine].  We chose to use tilt switches instead of an accelerometer because the switches were much cheaper and we figured they would be easier to work with. 

The tilt switches we chose are optically-based with an emitter and detector that are selectively blocked by a small ball.  When the critical angle is achieved, the tiny ball rolls up a ramp, allowing the emitter to shine directly on the detector, and current flows.  When the angle is neutral, the ramp forces the ball to block the light, allowing no current to pass through the phototransistor.  The "ramp" is really an inverted cone, so the switch can be activated by a change in angle in any direction away from the neutral position.  We purchased three different tilt switches to try, each with a different critical angle - 15, 30, and 45 degrees.  The configuration we ended up using was: 

*30 degrees for shoulders and ankles
*45 degrees for elbows

All the tilt switches experienced unwanted inertial effects.  As they are mechanical systems, every movement, whether tilting or simply bumping the switches, could bounce the ball around inside the switch casing.  This caused the switch output voltage to oscillate in response to unsmooth movements, affecting our music tone generation.

In hindsight, we would have used all 45-degree switches because they produced the most reliable and sharpest jump from off to on.  The 15-degree switches were practically unusable because they created a large amount of noise as they switched on and off.  

We used the tilt switches to provide high-low inputs to the PIC to tell it when to turn on any of the six tones.  By attaching these switches to the body such that they are in the neutral position when the body is relaxed, we were able to control the six tones by moving the body in relatively natural ways.  

===Tilt switches - Mechanical Design===

[[Image:Wrist sensor mfth.JPG|thumb|200px|Wrist tilt sensor. Ankles are similar, with a larger strap.]]
The switches were attached to the user's body using adjustable straps and buckles.  The wrist and ankle sensors were simply a loop of webbing with an adjustable buckle attached.  The straps could be tightened or loosened to fit any size user.  To attach the switch to the straps, we created an enclosure for each switch out of high-density foam (leftover scraps from DSGN 307).  The switch was jammed into a hole in the foam so that it could not easily be moved.  The foam was then taped to the straps using electrical tape.




The shoulder straps were a bit more involved.  Two loops with buckles, similar to the wrist and ankle straps, went over the user's shoulder and underneath their armpit.  To keep these straps from sliding off the shoulders,  a large strap across the user's back connected the two smaller straps together.  This large strap was also used for mounting the solder board which gathered the wires from all six tilt switches and sent them to the PIC over one ribbon cable.  Using this strap configuration, we found that the user could comfortably and securely wear the sensors.  


[[Image:Shoulder sensors mfth.JPG|thumb|200px|Shoulder straps containing the tilt sensors.]]
To attach the switches to the shoulders, we again created a foam encasement.  However, electrical tape was not secure enough to hold the foam pieces to the irregularly-shaped shoulder straps.  Instead, we riveted a piece of canvas to the webbing straps.  We chose to use rivets instead of sewing because the sewing machine could not tightly sew the foam encasement in place.  With rivets, we were able to pull the canvas tightly around the foam so that it couldn't move.

=Code=
To download the entire C file, click [[Media:Main_music.c|here]]. Below, the file is split into sections for comments.

 /**********************************************************
  * main_music.c: Main c file for "Music Suit" project
  *    
  *    Thomas Peterson, James Rein, Eric West
  *    ME333 Winter 2010
  **********************************************************/
 
 #include <HardwareProfile.h>
 #include <delays.c>  //Delayms and Delayus functions

The first section defines all the input and output pins used with the motor, sensor, and music circuits.

 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 //Pin Defines
 
 //YMZ Chip selects
 #define CS1 LATCbits.LATC2
 #define CS2 LATCbits.LATC3
 #define CS3 LATCbits.LATC4
 #define CS4 LATGbits.LATG6
 //YMZ communication pins
 #define NWR LATBbits.LATB0 //"Not WRite": active low write line
 #define A0  LATBbits.LATB6 //Address 0
 #define NIC LATCbits.LATC1 //"Not Input Clear": active low reset line
 //YMZ data pins
 #define D0 LATGbits.LATG9
 #define D1 LATEbits.LATE8
 #define D2 LATEbits.LATE9
 #define D3 LATBbits.LATB5
 #define D4 LATBbits.LATB4
 #define D5 LATBbits.LATB3
 #define D6 LATBbits.LATB2
 #define D7 LATBbits.LATB1
 
 //Tilt inputs
 #define ENC PORTDbits.RD3
 #define END PORTDbits.RD2
 #define ENE PORTDbits.RD1
 #define ENG PORTCbits.RC14
 #define ENA PORTCbits.RC13
 #define ENC5 PORTDbits.RD0
 
 //Motor outputs
 #define IN1 LATBbits.LATB7
 #define IN2 LATAbits.LATA9
 #define EN   LATAbits.LATA10
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////
 //Other defines
 //Motor times
 #define MS(x) x*312.5
 #define DRIVETIME MS(100)
 #define BACKTIME MS(75)
 #define WAITTIME MS(150)
 //Channels
 #define CHNA 1
 #define CHNB 2
 #define CHNC 4
 
 
 //////////////////////////////////////////
 //Function definitions
 void write_chip(int address, int data);
 void portout(int byte);
 void channelSw(int chip, int chn, int *mixer, int state);
 //Global variables
 int mixer1, mixer2;
 int motorflag = 0;
The initialization function sets up various parts of the system.
 /* init() : This function runs initializations, setting up the pic and music chips */
 void init() {
    int pbClk = SYSTEMConfigPerformance(SYS_FREQ);
 
    /////////////////////////////////////////////
    //Setup inputs / outputs
    AD1PCFG = 0xFFFF; //All digital inputs
    TRISG &= 0xFDBF;  //sets G9,G6 to 0 (output); all else remains the same
    TRISC &= 0xFFE1;  //sets C4,C3,C2,C1 to 0s (outputs); all else remains the same
    TRISB &= 0xFF80;  //sets B0-B6 0 (output)
    TRISE &= 0xFCFF;  //sets E8,9 to output
    TRISB |= 0xF000;  //sets B12,B13,B14,B15 to 1s (inputs); all else remains the same
    TRISC |= 0x6000;  //sets C14,13 to inputs
    TRISD |= 0x000F;  //Sets D0,D1,D2,D3 to inputs
    TRISDbits.TRISD4 = 0; //Output for clock
    //Motor outputs
    TRISAbits.TRISA9 = 0;
    TRISAbits.TRISA10 = 0;
    TRISBbits.TRISB7 = 0;
    //Pulse inputs   
    TRISAbits.TRISA14 = 1;
    TRISAbits.TRISA15 = 1;
    //ODC setup
    ODCCbits.ODCC1 = 1; //open drain control; can only float high (when set high) or pull low 
    
    /* Initialize outputs */
    //YMZs
    CS1 = 1;
    CS2 = 1;
    CS3 = 1;
    CS4 = 1;
    NWR = 1;
    A0 = 0;
    NIC = 1;
    //Motor
    IN2 = 0;
    IN1 = 0;
    EN = 0;
    
    Delayms(100);  //wait for power supply to ramp up
    NIC = 0;       //resets YMZ284s
    Delayms(10);
    NIC = 1;
    
In the init() function, the PIC writes all the setup data to the music chips. This includes the frequency registers, which determine the frequency of each output, the mixer, which determines which channels are on or off (1 = off), and the volume registers, which determine the volume of each channel. After the setup, the only register that is changed in normal operation is the mixer register, which merely turns channels on and off.
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //Setup music chips
    //Setup Chip 1//
    CS1 = 0;
    write_chip(0x00,0xC7); //a low               // C4
    write_chip(0x01,0x01); //a high
    write_chip(0x02,0x98); //b low               // D
    write_chip(0x03,0x01); //b high
    write_chip(0x04,0x6E); //c low
    write_chip(0x05,0x01); //c high               // E
    write_chip(0x07,0xFF); //mixer (0 enables)
    write_chip(0x08, 0x0A);  //level (volume) A
    write_chip(0x09, 0x0A);  //level (volume) B
    write_chip(0x0A, 0x0A);  //level (volume) C
    CS1=1;
    //Setup Chip 2//
    CS2 = 0;
    write_chip(0x00,0x2C); //a low               //G 392
    write_chip(0x01,0x01); //a high
    write_chip(0x02,0x0D); //b low               //A 440
    write_chip(0x03,0x01); //b high
    write_chip(0x04,0xE3); //c low               //C5 523.25
    write_chip(0x05,0x00); //c high               
    write_chip(0x07,0xFF); //mixer (0 enables)
    write_chip(0x08, 0x0A);  //level (volume) A
    write_chip(0x09, 0x0A);  //level (volume) B
    write_chip(0x0A, 0x0A);  //level (volume) C
    CS2=1;
 
    mixer1=0xFF;
    mixer2=0xFF;
OC5 is used to create a PWM signal with 50% duty at 4Mhz, in effect creating a 4Mhz square wave. This is used by the music chips as a master clock.
    //////////////////////////////////////////////
    //Setup OC to create master clock for music chips (~4 Mhz)
    OpenOC5( OC_ON | OC_TIMER2_SRC | OC_PWM_FAULT_PIN_DISABLE, 0, 0);
    OpenTimer2( T2_ON | T2_PS_1_1 | T2_SOURCE_INT, 20);
    SetDCOC5PWM(10);
The interrupts are used, as mentioned above, to control when the motor is driven. The motor should drive once every rising edge.
    /////////////////////////////////////////////
    //External interrupt setups (for motor) - INT3 (A14)
    mINT3ClearIntFlag();
    mINT3IntEnable(1);
    mINT3SetIntPriority(6);
    mINT3SetEdgeMode(1); //Rising edge
    /////////////////////////////////////////////
    //External interrupt setups (for motor) - INT4 (A15)
    mINT4ClearIntFlag();
    mINT4IntEnable(1);
    mINT4SetIntPriority(5);
    mINT4SetEdgeMode(0); //Falling edge
    INTEnableSystemMultiVectoredInt();
 
    /////////////////////////////////////////////
    //Setup motor timer (used for timing delays)
    OpenTimer3(T3_ON | T3_PS_1_256 | T3_SOURCE_INT, 0xFFFF);
    ConfigIntTimer3(T3_INT_OFF);
 }
 
Main function
 /* Main function */
 int main()
 {
    init();      /* Run initialization functions */
    Delayms(1);
 
    /* Main while loop: loop indefinietly */
    while (1) {
In the main while loop, the PIC checks every cycle to see if an input has changed since the last cycle. Since the "mixer" variables store the current state, if an input does not match up with its valid mixer bit then it has changed recently. In this case, the channelSw() function is called to switch on or off the music channel controlled by that bit.
       //Check for state changes in music notes
       if (ENC != (mixer1 & 0x01)) { channelSw(1,CHNA,&mixer1,!ENC); }   //If input ENC (enable C) is not equal to the state of channel A1 (note c), change the state
       if (END != (mixer1 & 0x02)) { channelSw(1,CHNB,&mixer1,!END); }
       if (ENE != (mixer1 & 0x04)) { channelSw(1,CHNC,&mixer1,!ENE); }
       if (ENG != (mixer2 & 0x01)) { channelSw(2,CHNA,&mixer2,!ENG); }
       if (ENA != (mixer2 & 0x02)) { channelSw(2,CHNB,&mixer2,!ENA); }
       if (ENC5 != (mixer2 & 0x04)) { channelSw(2,CHNC,&mixer2,!ENC5); }
During the main while loop, the motor flag variable is checked to see if the motor should be driven. If so, it enters a sequence where it uses timer3 to determine the current stage in the motor cycle, changing the outputs as needed.
       //Check for motor state changes
       switch (motorflag) {
          case 0: break;   //Do nothing (motor off)
          case 1:   //Start motor cycle
                WriteTimer3(0);   //Reset timer to 0
                IN1 = 0;          //Set H bridge to forward drive
                IN2 = 1;
                EN = 1;
                motorflag = 2;    //In drivedown cycle
                break;
          case 2:   //Drivedown cycle
                if (ReadTimer3() > DRIVETIME) {  //Wait for DRIVETIME to pass
                   WriteTimer3(0); //Reset timer to 0
                   motorflag = 3; //In driveup phase
                   IN2 = 0;       //Switch H bridge
                   IN1 = 1;
                }
                break;
          case 3:   //Driveup cycle
                if (ReadTimer3() > BACKTIME) {   //Wait for BACKTIME to pass
                   WriteTimer3(0);   //Reset timer to 0
                   motorflag = 4;    //In coast/wait phase
                   EN = 0;           //Turn off motor
                }
                break;
          case 4: //coast / wait cycle
                if (ReadTimer3() > WAITTIME) {
                   motorflag = 5; //more wait
                   WriteTimer3(0);
                }
                break;
          case 5:  //Additional wait cycle
                if (ReadTimer3() > WAITTIME) {
                   //Done!
                   motorflag = 0; //Motor off (can now be triggered again)
                }
                break;
          //Static wait cycles
          case 6:
                if (ReadTimer3() > WAITTIME) {
                   motorflag = 7; 
                   WriteTimer3(0);
                }
                break;
          case 7:
                if (ReadTimer3() > WAITTIME) {
                   WriteTimer3(0);
                   motorflag = 8; 
                }
                break;
          case 8:
                if (ReadTimer3() > WAITTIME) {
                   motorflag = 0; 
                }
                break;
       }
 
       Delayms(10);
    }
    return 0;
 }//end main
 
Write chip function, which is a support function that writes data to the music chips.
 /* write_chip: This writes the given byte "data" to the "address" (0 or 1)
                on a YMZ284. It is assumed that the chip select is already low */
 void write_chip(int address,int data) {
    //Write address
    portout(address);
    A0 = 0;     //select address mode
    Delayus(1); //setup time
    NWR = 0;    //Write cycle begin
    Delayus(1); //hold time
    NWR = 1;    //Write cycle end
   
    //Write  data
    portout(data);
    A0 = 1;     //select data mode
    Delayus(1); //setup time
    NWR = 0;    //write cycle begin
    Delayus(1); //hold time
    NWR = 1;    //write cycle end
 }
Port out function
 /* port_out: This function outputs a byte to the D0-D7 port */
 void portout(int byte) {
    // Note:  !! converts an integer expression to a boolean (1 or 0).
     D0 = !!(byte  & 1);
     D1 = !!(byte  & 2); 
     D2 = !!(byte  & 4);   
     D3 = !!(byte  & 8);
     D4 = !!(byte  & 16);
     D5 = !!(byte  & 32); 
     D6 = !!(byte  & 64);   
     D7 = !!(byte  & 128);
 }
Channel switch function, which writes a new mixer value to turn a channel on or off.
 /* channelSw: Generic channel switch function 
               This writes a new mixer value to chip "chip". The mixer value
               depends on "chn", the channel turning on or off, "state" whether
               the channel is turning on or off, and "*mixer", a pointer to
               the old mixer value. */
 void channelSw(int chip, int chn, int *mixer, int state) {
    /* Enable music chip */
    switch(chip) {
       case 1: CS1 = 0; break;
       case 2: CS2 = 0; break;
       case 3: CS3 = 0; break;
       case 4: CS4 = 0; break;
    }
    /* Write mixer value */
    /* This writes to channel 7 (mixer channel) the _new_ mixer value, which is
       the old mixer value with a particular bit flipped based on "chn" and "state" */
    write_chip(0x07, (*mixer) = state ? (*mixer) & (0xFF & ~chn) : (*mixer) | chn);
    /* Disable chip */
    switch(chip) {
       case 1: CS1 = 1; break;
       case 2: CS2 = 1; break;
       case 3: CS3 = 1; break;
       case 4: CS4 = 1; break;
    }
 
 }
Interrupt functions
 //External interrupt for motor driving
 void __ISR(_EXTERNAL_3_VECTOR, ipl6) _SingleVectorHandler(void) {
    if (motorflag == 0) {
       motorflag = 1;   //Start motor cycle
    }
    //If on already, do nothing
    mINT3ClearIntFlag();
 }
 
 //External interrupt for motor waiting
 void __ISR(_EXTERNAL_4_VECTOR, ipl5) _SingleVectorHandler2(void) {
    if (motorflag == 0) {
       WriteTimer3(0);
       motorflag = 6;   //Start wait cycle
    }
    //If on already, do nothing
    mINT4ClearIntFlag();
 }

=Results= 

The project turned out to be a decent success overall.  The tilt switches worked very well for activating the music tones, but the heart rate monitor was less successful.  One of the biggest issues was getting rid of very low frequency drift in the signal that made the peaks sometimes as high as 10V, but other times less 1V.  Dealing with this fluctuation in peak size was the most difficult part of signal processing.  As mentioned above, we tried FFT in order to establish a steady heart rate, but could not get the resolution we desired, thus we abandoned the idea.  Also, for optimum functioning, the system had to be tuned for some users, adjusting the potentiometers (shown in the circuit diagram above) until a robust signal was attained.

Furthermore, using the heart rate monitor was complicated by its sensitivity to movement artifact.  The system worked best when one user provided the heartbeat, and another user wore the music suit.  The system was decent at accounting for larger movements initiated from the shoulder or elbow, as long as the wrist and fingers stayed relatively rigid along with the arm.  However, movement initiated from the wrist or finger caused a large influx of noise into the system, requiring at least 5 seconds to smooth out once the user stopped those movements.

The best result was that using the device was just plain fun.  We each had a great time moving around and hearing the fun sounds that resulted, or if we were feeling ambitious, we would try to play a simple melody like "Mary Had a Little Lamb."  It was rather difficult to play anything more complicated than that because it required lots of body control and precise movements, and we were also constrained by having only the notes of the pentatonic scale at our disposal.  


=Reflections=

'''Successes'''
*Tilt switches activated each of the six notes when they were supposed to
**The YMZ284 chips were able to produce all six notes at the same time, allowing cool chords
*Tones were in tune and formed fun melodies and chords as the body moved
*Drum actuator hit the drum reliably and with good tone
*Heart rate monitor usually showed clear peaks on a scope, but was finicky in practice

'''Room for improvements'''
*Tilt switches sometimes bounced, so the beginning and particularly the ends of the notes sounded jagged
**''Possible Solution:'' Add a low pass filter to the switch signal so that the signal ramps up and down.  
*The shoulder straps sometimes needed adjustments for each individual in order for the sensors to be in the correct position
**''Possible Solution:'' Create straps with more constraints, such as a strap across the chest as well as the back, to ensure that the sensors are in the correct positions and orientations. 
*The straps could be easier to put on
**''Possible Solution:'' Maybe integrate them into a single garment, like a onesie
*The heart rate monitor was not reliable.  Low frequency drift made setting a comparison level nearly impossible, especially for more than one specific user.
**''Possible Solution:'' Improve FFT method so that desired resolution could be achieved in a short sample period (around 10 seconds).  Alternatively, implement a complicated peak detection algorithm on the PIC.  


We believe this project, if expanded and refined, could have some really fun and useful applications.  The music suit idea is not new, but it is not widespread.  A device like this could be useful in music therapy, where therapists use music to help patients heal from a variety of maladies.  Or, this could be an engaging interactive exhibit in a children's museum.  A suit could also be used to help improve proprioception, or movement awareness, in developmentally disable patients who have difficulty coordinating certain movements and can lack feedback to help them learn.  Using a suit like this would make movement fun in a whole way.

Making music with this device is just plain fun, and it gives a whole new meaning to the idea of 'playing with your heart.'